Elizabeth Arden

Elizabeth Arden (December 31, 1878 - October 19, 1966) was a Canadian businesswoman who built a cosmetics empire in the United States. more...

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Biography

Arden was born Florence Nightingale Graham in Woodbridge, Ontario, where she lived until she was twenty-four years old. In 1909 Florence Nightingale Graham dropped out of nursing school in Toronto.

She joined her elder brother in New York City, working briefly as a bookkeeper for the E.R. Squibb Pharmaceuticals Company. While there, she spent hours in their lab, learning about skincare. She then worked - again briefly - for Eleanor Adair, an early beauty culturist, as a \"treatment girl.\"

Still in 1909, Arden formed a partnership with Elizabeth Hubbard, another culturist. When the partnership dissolved, she coined the business name \"Elizabeth Arden\" from her former partner and from Tennyson's poem \"Enoch Arden.\"

In 1912, Arden travelled to France to learn beauty and facial massage techniques used in the Paris beauty salons. She returned with a collection of rouges and tinted powders she had created. In an era when it was only acceptable for stage performers to wear makeup, Arden introduced modern eye makeup to North America. She also introduced the concept of the \"makeover\" in her salons.

Arden collaborated with A. Fabian Swanson, a chemist, to create a \"fluffy\" face cream. The success of the cream, called Venetian Cream Amoretta, and corresponding lotion, named Arden Skin Tonic, led to a long-lasting business relationship. This revolutionized cosmetics, bringing a scientific approach to formulations.

In 1915 she married Thomas J. Lewis, a banker, thus becoming an American citizen. The same year she began international operations. During the 1920s and 1930s, Arden was constantly competing with Helena Rubenstein and Dorothy Gray. Opening salons across the world allowed Arden to compete in other markets besides the U.S.. By the end of 1930's, it was said that \"There are only three American names that are known in every corner of the globe: Singer sewing machines, Coca Cola, and Elizabeth Arden.\" A fact proved by Heinrich Harrer in his book Seven Years in Tibet, where he stated that it's possible to buy Arden's product even in Tibet.

During World War II, Arden recognized the changing needs of the American woman entering the work world. She showed women how to apply makeup and dress appropriately for careers outside the home. She created a lipstick called Montezuma Red, for the women in the armed forces that would match the red on their uniforms.

Arden's drive for success cost her marriage to Lewis. They divorced in 1934. A second marriage to a Russian prince only lasted 13 months.

Read more at Wikipedia.org